The alternating series test is a method used to prove that infinite series of terms converge. It was discovered by Gottfried Leibniz and is sometimes known as Leibniz's test or the Leibniz criterion.
A series of the form
where all the an are non-negative, is called an alternating series. If the sequence an approaches 0 as n approaches infinity, and the sequence an is monotone decreasing (i.e. each an is smaller than an−1), then the series converges. If L is the sum of the series,
then the partial sum
approximates L with error
It is perfectly possible for a series to have its partial sums Sk fulfill this last condition without the series being alternating. For a straightforward example, consider:
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We are given a series of the form . The limit of the sequence equals 0 as approaches infinity, and each is smaller than (i.e. the sequence is monotone decreasing).
The (2n+1)-th partial sum of the given series is . As every sum in brackets is non-positive, and as , then the (2n+1)-th partial sum is not greater than .
That very (2n+1)-th partial sum can be written as . Every sum in brackets is non-negative. Therefore, the series is monotonically increasing: for any the following holds: .
From the two paragraphs it follows by the monotone convergence theorem that there exists such a number s that .
As and as , then . The sum of the given series is , where is a finite number. Thus, convergence is proved.
Another way to prove this is showing that the sequence of partial sums are a cauchy sequence.
In the proof of convergence we saw that is monotonically increasing. Since , and every term in brackets is non-positive, we see that is monotonically decreasing. By the previous paragraph, , hence . Similarly, since is monotonically increasing and converging to , we have . Hence we have for all n.
Therefore if k is odd we have , and if k is even we have .